Essay Violence and Aggression in the Workplace is on the Rise

In the early 1980s aggression and violence in the workplace have been a source of a lot of public discussion. (Piquero pg.383) The issues have risen again recently and have mostly been present in management and business fields. Workplace aggression often includes â€Å"behavior by an individual or individuals within or outside organizations that is intended to physically or psychologically harms a worker or workers and occurs in a work related†. (Schat Kelloway Pg. 191) A national survey Conducted by the National Centers for Victims of Crime shows several statistics regarding workplace homicide by type show that is the year of (see fig. 1), violent crimes against victims working or an duty( see fig. 2) and nonfatal workplace violence†¦show more content†¦The NCVS shows that 1.7 million on the average are not fatally assaulted while they are working. The majority of the cases that were examined were simple assaults. Assaults are defined as â€Å"an unlawful physical attack upon another an attempt or offer to do violence to another with or without batter, as by holding a stone or club in a threatening manner.† (Dictionary.com) Furthermore it has also been reported by the Bureau of the labor statistics has reported findings that under 139,000 individuals lost work days because of lost court cases because of assaults by people. In order to receive accurate and specific data related to work place violence the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health collaborated with the consumer product safety commission to use a well thought out system known as the National Electronic injury surveillance system. (See figure 4) The system was used to see how many individuals who were victims sustained injuries in the hospital events. This data provided information about how the incident occurred and specific details on each event the data also contributes to implementing new ways to enhance the prevention of non-fatal injuries in work place violence. Disgruntled is defined as displaced and discontented; sulky and peevish. According to the many researchers and analysis workplace violence is closely related to theShow MoreRelatedViolence Tends To Threaten The Organization Of Society.1648 Words   |  7 PagesViolence tends to threaten the organization of society. In today’s society violence is permeated in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Violence in our society enters our homes, workplace, and schools and especially in the media. Violence is the intentional action or inaction causing physical, sexual and psychological injury, including battering, pornography, sexual assault, incest, child abuse and sexual harassment. Advertisers use sex to get our attention and they make claims about their product’sRead MoreThe Dark Side Of An Organization1730 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the workplace that (a) according to official structure, culture and rules of the organisation, â€Å"should not happen† and (b) contain an element of challenge to the dominant modes of operating or to dominant interests in the organisation (Richards, 2008[add other citation]). These behaviours are harmful to self, others and the organisation. 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Throughout my paper I will discuss certain instances of violenceRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the Raise Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pageswhen speaking of people with PTSD. Medical professionals are one of the professions at greatest risk of experiencing PTSD symptoms because they can see what violence and/or war can do first hand. Research has shown that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the rise and will continue to rise due to long wars and increasing rates of violence. According to The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) approximately 7.7 million Americans over the age of eighteen suffer PTSD and according to U.S. DepartmentRead MoreThe Field Of Personality Psychology1027 Words   |  5 Pagesto the current knowledge base by reviewing previous studies that have researched narcissism and its increase in Western society. It will also focus on three prevalent behaviours associated with narcissism: intimate partner violence, child and adolescent misconduct and workplace and schooling issues and discuss how individual, interpersonal, and societal impacts of narcissism pertain to each. Directions for future research regarding will also be addressed. Ellis and Freud were the first to use narcissismRead MoreEssay on Workplace Violence1670 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BIS), workplace violence affects 1.7 million people each year. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) reported 11,613 workplace homicide victims between 1992 and 2006. Averaging just under 800 homicides per year, the largest number of homicides in one year occurred in 1994, while the lowest number occurred in 2006 (CDC). This has become a serious concern and companies now have to take a stand to protect theirRead MoreLateral Violence As A Non Physical Act1368 Words   |  6 PagesLateral violence is described as a non-physical act occurring between individuals and is intended to hurt another person emotionally. It may be a secretive or noticeable act of verbal or non-verbal hostility. The actions can extend exterior to the place of work and can be perpetrated individually or in cyberspace. Within the nursing community, lateral violence is described as aggression behaviors amongst nurses. The most common forms of lateral violence in the nursing practice include: underminingRead MoreDeveloping An Implementation Plan For Patients With Chronic Pain1650 Words   |  7 Pageshospital to avoid aggravation and harmful outbursts. Then, the problem rises, as the patient may be a re-admission and is familiar with the psychiatric system, having a tendency to misuse narcotics. 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The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen Free Essays

string(27) " not seem to help herself\." After five years at Belgrave, Grace had become, if not accustomed, then at least aware of just what could be accomplished with a bit of prestige and a great deal of money. Nonetheless, even she was amazed at how quickly their travel plans fell into place. Within three days a private yacht had been reserved to ferry them from Liverpool to Dublin and then wait at the dock – for as long as necessary, apparently – until they were ready to return to England. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of Thomas’s secretaries had been dispatched to Ireland to arrange for their stay. Grace had felt nothing but pity for the poor man as he was forced to listen to – and then repeat, twice – the dowager’s copious and highly detailed instructions. She herself was used to the dowager’s ways, but the secretary, accustomed to dealing with a far more reasonable employer, looked nearly ready to cry. Only the best of inns would do for such a traveling party, and of course they would expect the finest set of rooms in each establishment. If the rooms were already reserved, the innkeepers would have to make arrangements to place the other travelers elsewhere. The dowager told Grace that she liked to send someone ahead in cases like these. It was only polite to give the innkeepers a bit of notice so they could find alternate accommodations for their other guests. Grace thought it would have been more polite not to give the boot to people whose only crime was to reserve a room prior to the dowager, but all she could do was offer the poor secretary a sympathetic smile. The dowager wasn’t going to change her ways, and besides, she’d already launched into her next set of instructions, which pertained to cleanliness, food, and the preferred dimensions of hand towels. Grace spent her days dashing about the castle, preparing for the voyage and passing along important messages, since the other three inhabitants seemed determined to avoid one another. The dowager was as surly and rude as ever, but now there was an underlying layer of giddiness that Grace found disconcerting. The dowager was excited about the upcoming journey. It was enough to leave even the most experienced of companions uneasy; the dowager was never excited about anything. Pleased, yes; satisfied, often (although un satisfied was a far more frequent emotion). But excited? Grace had never witnessed it. It was odd, because the dowager did not seem to like Mr. Audley very well, and it was clear that she respected him not at all. And as for Mr. Audley – he returned the sentiment in spades. He was much like Thomas in that regard. It seemed to Grace that the two men might have been fast friends had they not met under such strained circumstances. But while Thomas’s dealings with the dowager were frank and direct, Mr. Audley was much more sly. He was always provoking the dowager when in her company, always ready with a comment so subtle that Grace could only be sure of his meaning when she caught his secret smile. There was always a secret smile. And it was always for her. Even now, just thinking about it, she found herself hugging her arms to her body, as if holding it tightly against her heart. When he smiled at her, she felt it – as if it were more than something to be seen. It landed upon her like a kiss, and her body responded in kind – a little flip in her stomach, pink heat on her cheeks. She maintained her composure, because that was what she’d been trained to do, and she even managed her own sort of reply – the tiniest of curves at the corners of her mouth, maybe a change in the way she held her gaze. She knew he saw it, too. He saw everything. He liked to play at being obtuse, but he had the keenest eye for observation she had ever known. And all through this, the dowager pressed forward, single-minded in her determination to wrest the title from Thomas and give it to Mr. Audley. When the dowager spoke of their upcoming journey, it was never if they found proof, it was when they found it. Already she had begun to plan how best to announce the change to the rest of society. Grace had noticed that she was not particularly discreet about it, either. What was it the dowager had said just the other day – right in front of Thomas? Something about having to redraw endless contracts to reflect the proper ducal name. She had even turned to him and asked if he thought that anything he’d signed while duke was legally binding. Grace had thought Thomas a master of restraint for not throttling her on the spot. Indeed, all he said was, â€Å"It will hardly be my problem should that come to pass.† And then, with a mocking bow in the dowager’s direction, he left the room. Grace was not sure why she was so surprised that the dowager did not censor herself in front of Thomas; it wasn’t as if she’d shown a care for anyone else’s feelings before. But surely this qualified as extraordinary circumstances. Surely even Augusta Cavendish could see where it might be hurtful to stand in front of Thomas and talk about how she planned to go about his public humiliation. And as for Thomas – he was not himself. He was drinking too much, and when he wasn’t closeted in his study, he stalked about the house like a moody lion. Grace tried to avoid him, partly because he was in such poor temper, but mostly because she felt so guilty about everything, so unconscionably disloyal for liking Mr. Audley so well. Which left him. Mr. Audley. She’d been spending too much time with him. She knew it but could not seem to help herself. You read "The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen" in category "Essay examples" And it really wasn’t her fault. The dowager kept sending her on errands that put her in his sphere. Liverpool or Holyhead – which port made better sense for their departure? Surely Jack (the dowager still refused to call him Mr. Audley, and he would not respond to anything Cavendish) would know. What might they expect from the weather? Find Jack and ask his opinion. Could one obtain a decent pot of tea in Ireland? What about once they’d left the environs of Dublin? And then, after Grace had reported back with Yes and for God’s sake (amended to remove the blasphemy), she was sent on her way again to determine if he even knew how to judge a tea’s quality. It was almost embarrassing to ask him this. It should have been, but by that point they were bursting out laughing just at the sight of each other. It was like that all the time now. He would smile. And then she would smile. And she was reminded just how much better she liked herself when she had reason to smile. Just now the dowager had ordered her to find him for a full accounting of their proposed route through Ireland, which Grace found odd, since she would have thought the dowager had worked that out by then. But she was not about to complain, not when the task both removed her from the dowager’s presence and placed her in Mr. Audley’s. † Jack,† she whispered to herself. He was Jack. His name suited him perfectly, dashing and carefree. John was far too staid, and Mr. Audley too formal. She wanted him to be Jack, even though she had not allowed herself to say it aloud to him, not since their kiss. He had teased her about it – he always teased her about it. He’d prodded and cajoled and told her she must use his given name or he would not respond, but she remained steadfast. Because once she did, she was afraid she could never go back. And she was already so perilously close to losing her heart forever. It could happen. It would happen if she let it. She had only to let go. She could close her eyes and imagine a future†¦with him, and children, and so much laughter. But not here. Not at Belgrave, with him as the duke. She wanted Sillsby back. Not the house, since that could never be, but the feeling of it. The comfortable warmth, the kitchen garden that her mother had never been too important to attend. She wanted the evenings in the sitting room – the sitting room, she reminded herself, the only one. Nothing that had to be described with a color or a fabric or a location within the building. She wanted to read by the fire with her husband, pointing out bits that amused her, and laughing when he did the same. That was what she wanted, and when she had the courage to be honest with herself, she knew that she wanted it with him. But she wasn’t often honest with herself. What was the point? He didn’t know who he was; how could she know what to dream? She was protecting herself, holding her heart in armor until she had an answer. Because if he was the Duke of Wyndham, then she was a fool. As fine a house as Belgrave was, Jack much preferred to spend time out of doors, and now that his mount had been transferred to the Wyndham stables (where his horse was certainly wallowing in joy over the endless carrots and warm accommodations), he had taken up the habit of a ride each morning. Not that this was so very far from his prior routine; Jack usually found himself on horseback by late morning. The difference was that before he’d been going somewhere, or, on occasion, fleeing from somewhere. Now he was out and about for sport, for constitutional exercise. Strange, the life of a gentleman. Physical exertion was achieved through organized behavior, and not, as the rest of society got it, through an honest day’s work. Or a dishonest one, as the case often was. He was returning to the house – it was difficult to call it a castle, even though that’s what it was; it always made him want to roll his eyes – on his fourth day at Belgrave, feeling invigorated by the soft bite of the wind over the fields. As he walked up the steps to the main door, he caught himself peering this way and that, hoping for a glimpse of Grace even though it was highly unlikely she’d be out of doors. He was always hoping for a glimpse of Grace, no matter where he was. Just the sight of her made something tickle and fizz within his chest. Half the time she did not even see him, which he did not mind. He rather enjoyed watching her go about her duties. But if he stared long enough – and he always did; there was never any good reason to place his eyes anywhere else – she always sensed him. Eventually, even if he was at an odd angle, or obscured in shadows, she felt his presence, and she’d turn. He always tried to play the seducer then, to gaze at her with smoldering intensity, to see if she’d melt in a pool of whimpering desire. But he never did. Because all he could do, whenever she looked back at him, was smile like a lovesick fool. He would have been disgusted with himself, except that she always smiled in return, which never failed to turn the tickle and fizz into something even more bubbly and carefree. He pushed open the door to Belgrave’s front hall, pausing for a moment once he was inside. It took a few seconds to adjust to the abrupt lack of wind, and indeed, his body gave an unprompted little shake, as if to push away the chill. This also gave him time to glance about the hall, and indeed, he was rewarded for his diligence. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh!† he called out, since she was at the far end of the long space, presumably off on another one of the dowager’s ridiculous errands. â€Å"Mr. Audley,† she said, smiling as she walked toward him. He shrugged off his coat (presumably purloined from the ducal closet) and handed it to a footman, marveling, as always, at how the servants seemed to materialize from nowhere, always at the exact moment they were needed. Someone had trained them well. He was close enough to his military days to appreciate this. Grace reached his side before he had even pulled off his gloves. â€Å"Have you been out for a ride?† she asked. â€Å"Indeed. It’s a perfect day for it.† â€Å"Even with all the wind?† â€Å"It’s best with wind.† â€Å"I trust you were reunited with your horse?† â€Å"Indeed. Lucy and I make a fine team.† â€Å"You ride a mare?† â€Å"A gelding.† She blinked with curiosity, but not, strangely, surprise. â€Å"You named your gelding Lucy?† He gave his shrug a bit of dramatic flair. â€Å"It is one of those stories that loses something in the retelling.† In truth, it involved drink, three separate wagers, and a propensity for the contrary that he was not certain he was proud of. â€Å"I am not much of an equestrienne,† she said. It was not an apology, just a statement of fact. â€Å"By choice or circumstance?† â€Å"A bit of both,† she replied, and she looked a bit curious, as if she’d never thought to ask herself that question. â€Å"You shall have to join me sometime.† She smiled ruefully. â€Å"I hardly think that falls within the scope of my duties to the dowager.† Jack rather doubted that. He remained suspicious of the dowager’s motives as pertained to Grace; she seemed to thrust Grace in his direction at every possible occasion, like some piece of ripened fruit, dangled before his nose to entice him to stay put. He found it all rather appalling, but wasn’t about to deny himself the pleasure of Grace’s company just to spite the old bat. â€Å"Bah,† he said. â€Å"All the best companions go riding with the houseguests.† â€Å"Oh.† So dubious. â€Å"Really.† â€Å"Well, they do in my imagination, at least.† Grace shook her head, not even trying not to smile. â€Å"Mr. Audley†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But he was looking this way and that, his manner almost comically surreptitious. â€Å"I think we’re alone,† he whispered. Grace leaned in, feeling very sly. â€Å"Which means†¦?† â€Å"You can call me Jack.† She pretended to consider. â€Å"No, I don’t think so.† â€Å"I won’t tell.† â€Å"Mmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her nose scrunched, and then a matter-of-fact: â€Å"No.† â€Å"You did it once.† She pressed her lips together, suppressing not a smile, but a full-fledged laugh. â€Å"That was a mistake.† â€Å"Indeed.† Grace gasped and turned. It was Thomas. â€Å"Where the devil did he come from?† Mr. Audley murmured. From the small saloon, Grace thought miserably. The entrance was right behind them. Thomas frequently spent time there, reading or tending to his correspondence. He said he liked the afternoon light. But it wasn’t afternoon. And he smelled like brandy. â€Å"A pleasant conversation,† Thomas drawled. â€Å"One of many, I assume.† â€Å"Were you eavesdropping?† Mr. Audley said mildly. â€Å"For shame.† â€Å"Your grace,† Grace began, â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"It’s Thomas,† he cut in derisively, â€Å"or don’t you recall? You’ve used my name far more than once.† Grace felt her cheeks grow hot. She’d not been sure how much of the conversation Thomas had heard. Apparently, most of it. â€Å"Is that so?† Mr. Audley said. â€Å"In that case, I insist you call me Jack.† He turned to Thomas and shrugged. â€Å"It’s only fair.† Thomas made no verbal reply, although his thunderous expression spoke volumes. Mr. Audley turned back to her and said, â€Å"I shall call you Grace.† â€Å"You will not,† Thomas snapped. Mr. Audley remained as calm as ever. â€Å"Does he always make these decisions for you?† â€Å"This is my house,† Thomas returned. â€Å"Possibly not for long,† Mr. Audley murmured. Grace actually lurched forward, so sure was she that Thomas was going to lunge at him. But in the end Thomas only chuckled. He chuckled, but it was an awful sound. â€Å"Just so you know,† he said, looking Mr. Audley in the eye, â€Å"she doesn’t come with the house.† Grace looked at him in shock. â€Å"Just what do you mean by that?† Mr. Audley inquired, and his voice was so smooth, so purposefully polite, that it was impossible not to hear the edge of steel underneath. â€Å"I think you know.† â€Å"Thomas,† Grace said, trying to intercede. â€Å"Oh, we’re back to Thomas, are we?† â€Å"I think he fancies you, Miss Eversleigh,† Mr. Audley said, his tone almost cheerful. â€Å"Don’t be ridiculous,† Grace said immediately. Because he didn’t. He couldn’t. If Thomas had – Well, he’d had years to make it known, not that anything could have come of it. Thomas crossed his arms and gave Mr. Audley a stare – the sort that sent most men scurrying for the corners. Mr. Audley merely smiled. And then he said, â€Å"I wouldn’t wish to keep you from your responsibilities.† It was a dismissal, elegantly worded and undeniably rude. Grace could not believe it. No one spoke to Thomas that way. But Thomas smiled back. â€Å"Ah, now they are my responsibilities?† â€Å"While the house is still yours.† â€Å"It’s not just a house, Audley.† â€Å"Do you think I don’t know that?† No one spoke. Mr. Audley’s voice had been a hiss, low and urgent. And scared. â€Å"Excuse me,† Thomas said abruptly, and while Grace watched in silence, he turned and walked back into the small saloon, shutting the door firmly behind him. After what felt like an eternity, just staring at the white paint on the door, Grace turned back to Mr. Audley. â€Å"You should not have provoked him.† â€Å"Oh, I should not have been provoking?† She let out a tense breath. â€Å"Surely you understand what a difficult position he is in.† â€Å"As opposed to mine,† he said, in quite the most awful voice she’d heard him use. â€Å"How I adore being kidnapped and held against my will.† â€Å"No one has a gun to your head.† â€Å"Is that what you think?† His tone was mocking, and his eyes said he could not believe her naivete. â€Å"I don’t think you even want it,† Grace said. How was it this had not occurred to her before? How had she not seen it? â€Å"Want what?† he practically snapped. â€Å"The title. You don’t, do you?† â€Å"The title,† he said icily, â€Å"doesn’t want me.† She could only stare in horror as he turned on his heel and strode off. How to cite The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen, Essay examples

Independence Day of Bangladesh free essay sample

Bangladesh is surrounded by India, Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal. A republic in south Asia, Bangladesh was formerly East Pakistan, one of the five provinces into which Pakistan was divided at its creation, when Britains former Indian Empire was partitioned in August 1947. East Pakistan and the four western provinces were separated by about 1600 km of Indian territory. East Pakistan was formed from the former Indian province of East Bengal and the Sylhet districts of Assam. Although the East was more populous, government was based in West Pakistan. From the very inception of its formation, language remained the most problematic issue. Same status for Bengali language with Urdu and English was the demand and the movement involving all sections of the people of East Pakistan gave a strike call on 21 Feb, 1952. On that very day, police fired on a students rally and several students died. Since then the day has been observed as the Language Day (Bhasa Divas). We will write a custom essay sample on Independence Day of Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page East Pakistan became and independent entity named Bangladesh on 16, December, 1971, following civil war in which India actively supported the East. Leader of this independence movement, Sheikh Manipur Rahman became the first prime Minister. In January 1957 parliamentary government was replaced by a presidential form of Government. Sheikh Manipur Rahman became President, assuming absolute power. In February, Bangladesh became a one-party state. On 15 August, 1957 Sheikh Manipur and his family were assassinated in a coup. Chief of Army Staff, Major-Gen. Ziaur Rahman (Gen. Zia) took over power on 7 November, 1957. In June 1978 the countrys first direct presidential election resulted in a victory for Zia, who formed a Council of Advisers. Parliamentary elections followed in February 1979, in which President Ziaur Rahmans Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) won 207 of the 300 directly elective seats in the Jatiya Sangsad. Political instability recurred, however, when Gen. Ziaur was assassinated on 30 May 1981 during an attempted military coup. The elderly Vice-President , Justice Adbus Sattar, took over as acting President but was faced with Strikes and demonstrations over the execution of several officers who had been involved in the coup. On 24 March, 1982 there was a bloodless Military coup, by which Lieut. Gen. Ershad became chief martial law administrator. President Sattar was deposed. The Constitution was suspended and Parliament ceased to function. Assanuddin Chowdhury was sworn is as civilian president on 27 March. Lieut. Gen. Ershad assumed the presidency on 11 Dec,1983. Although the Governments economic politics achieved some success and gained a measure of popular support for Ershad, the all party alliance of MRD Movement for the Restoration of Democracy gained momentum. In Jan 1986 a National Executive Committee was formed and the National Party launched, composed of government supporters. Gen. Ershad was re-elected President on 15 October, 1986. Gen. Ershad was deposed and arrested after a popular uprising in December 1990. Mr Shahabuddhin Ahmed took over as Acting President. In the general elections held in February 1991 Bangladesh National Party led by Begum Khaleda Zia won 140 seats. Begum Zia was sworn in PM. In the general elections help in June, 1996, Awai League won 146 seats and Sheikh Hasina Wazed, daughter of the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, became the PM of Bangladesh. Jatiya Party quit the Govt in Mar 98.

Victoria Protective Data Security Framework-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Victoria Protective Data Security Framework Answer: Introducation Based on figure I above, there are two main categories of threats to the VIC government public sector data, based on the Victoria Protective Data Security Framework; internal threats and external threats. The internal threats are further subdivided into employee risks/ threats, where the employees are the cause of security risks. Employee risks can further be subdivided into intentional/ malicious threats and unintentional threats. The intentional threats/ risks include malicious theft of information for monetary gain or just malice where a staff member intentionally steals and shares sensitive information with malicious third parties. This may also be achieved by staff leaving backdoors for attackers to access the VIC public sector information without authorized access, such as by not implementing strong security policies in access points such as on routes and external access. Unauthorized access to information or editing information deliberately, such as overwriting or deletion of public sector data is another form of intentional security risks. Unintended internal risks from staff/ employees include accidental deletion, overwriting, or editing of information, or failure to save edited information, causing malware infection by using external storage devices that are infected, or exposing the VIC public sector data by exposing access credentials. Inability to follow set ICT security policies either due to ignorance or lack of such policies is also another unintended internal risk. Another source of internal risks includes organizational culture that is due to several factors of omission and commission. These include poor security policies such as failure to use strong passwords, not updating/ patching software regularly, and inability to constantly review and update security policies and threats, and noncompliance. Other factors/ causes for risks due to organizational culture include hiring ICT staff that do not meet the standards (are unqualified) and using external vendors without vetting. Cultural issues also include lack of clear policies such as restricting access to specific information, failure to encrypt information, poor setup for data bases and backups, and inability to undertake sensitization initiatives on ICT risks to educate users/ employees. Because there is increased use of the internet, there are other extern al risks that include cyber-attacks, loss of data due to disasters, and risks of data loss/ theft due to external service providers, such as cloud service providers or software/ device providers and vendors whose products fail, or have vulnerabilities that malicious persons exploit. The table below further classifies these risks into high, medium, medium-low, and low level risks. Classification of Risks Risk source Risks and Their Classification High level risk Medium level risks Medium-Low level risks Low level risks Internal risks Deliberate internal risks Deliberate data theft Deliberate backdoors Deliberate deletion/ modification/ editing of VIC public sector data Unintended internal risks Ignorance of security policies or lack of them thereof Accidental deletion/ modification/ editing of VIC public sector data Use of external infected storage devices Opening infected files or clicking links to exploit sites through e-mail Organization culture risks Hiring of unqualified/ incompetent IT staff Understaffing IT security staff Lack of/ inadequate management support Noncompliance with Victoria Protective Data Security Framework (VPDF) Failure to update and patch software, firmware Poor administration in access control Failure to continuously review and update ICT security policies Poor setup of ICT resources such as failure to back-up, implement RAID systems (bad system architecture) Poor SLA agreements with cloud providers External risks Cyber attacks Malware, DoS, DDoS, viruses Phishing Data loss Data loss due to disasters such as fires, unreadable data Comparative Analysis of Deliberate and Accidental Threats Deliberate threats include intentional threats and risks to the VIC public sector data accruing from deliberate and intentional actions that pose risks to data. Such risks are usually due to human intervention/ mediation. For instance, one of the biggest deliberate threats to data is theft of such data either out of malice or for financial gain in which a staffer deliberately exposes or gives confidential public sector data to third parties with malicious intent, such as hackers or scammers. This can also happen when a disgruntled staff member, such as a fired/ demoted employee providers malicious entities with passwords for accessing confidential public sector data. This can happen where staff steals data from internal servers or from the cloud storage servers for which they have access. This is a very high level risk, since security policies can be overridden by such actions/ threats. These attacks carry huge risks because there is a high potential for sensitive data being exposed to the public, or personal details being stolen and sold for financial gain, with few options for detection of such actions (Rowe, Akman, Smith Tomison, 2013). Deliberate threats can also be external in which malicious entities use various tools to access and misuse/ exploit the VIC public sector data. Such exploits are undertaken through phishing, malware attacks; for instance, sending files/ links containing malware to staff e-mail accounts that then gives the hackers access to the public sector data. These are done using malware such as ransom-ware, worms, viruses, or Trojans that either gain access to the public sector data and steals and sends the information over the network, or denies the users access to this data. Such attacks can also result in theft and loss of access to crucial data where the attackers demand ransom, as happened in the UK when the National health Services (NHS) computer systems were attacked by a deadly ransom-ware (Fox News, 2017), or permanent deletion of information, such as the attack on Aramco, the Saudi Arabia petroleum company where all its data stored in computers and servers were permanently deleted in a matter of minutes (Perlroth, 2012). Such deliberate attacks can also lead to data loss, as happened in Australia and other countries where a malware propagated itself over networks, attacking office and home computers and encrypting files such that users could not access them (Griffith, 2017). Such deliberate risks are the most dangerous, with their risk level being very high and high risks. The reason why they are very high or high risk threats is because of the potential/ possible level of damage, as well as the difficulty in controlling/ preventing them. While cyber-attacks can be prevented/ mitigated through such security measures as implementing strong firewalls and using network analysis tools that are regularly patched and updated, along with networks isolation use of antimalware software, malware attacks have become even more sophisticated (Bakhtiyari Ismail,2012). Malware have become sophisticated and stealthy by confusing detection tools, such as through multiple stage loading, environmental awareness, obfus cation of internal data, and time based evasion techniques (Mazurczyk Caviglione, 2015). Such deliberate attacks, either internal or undertaken by external entities are very destructive; hence their classification as being either very high or high risk attacks (Choo, 2011). Accidental threats also pose huge risks to data security; while such actions are unintended, the consequences can also be massive. For instance, when a user accidentally deletes or overwrites, or edits but fails to save sensitive data such as that stored in the cloud; such data may not be recoverable, or have a steep price for recovery. Third party vendors, contractors, and even staff with privileged access to certain data have caused breaches to data by accident. The vast majority of data breaches such as network openings or malware invasion have been caused by innocent accidents, such as when a user accidentally overwrites data (Durbin, 2016). While such innocent accidents can lead to the loss of data, modern public (and private)organizations employ measures where data is backed up in real time; such mistakes and errors can also be rectified through instant data recover, for instance, for accidentally deleted data, or data reconstruction and editing (Rashmi et al., 2015). However, the problem becomes exacerbated when employee or vendor mistakes open doors for external entities such as hackers; this can happen by vendors not updating or patching their software and firmware, or when an employee opens a mail with malware embedded in them, or clicks links to malicious sites that then initiate attacks that, for instance, erase data and lead to theft of data. In such cases, there is a confluence of both accidental mistakes and external cyber threats that amplify the effect of the accidental threats. In retrospect, therefore, accidental threats are ranked as medium to high; given that some accidents can be rectified (medium threats) while some accidents can open doors to more serious risks and threats to public sector data, such as malware attacks or identity theft (Rasmi et al., 2015). Challenges the VIC government will face in deciding whether ICT security should be handled internally or outsource ICT security for public sector data is highly critical; being a government agency, the VIC government will most definitely be attacked, either through internal or external risks. The challenge is in whether security should be handled in-house or be outsourced to professionals. While outsourcing security has its benefits; there are also several challenges. Existing laws may prevent, or hinder access to personal information by third parties. Outsourcing essentially implies that aspects of data management, such as processing or storage/ backups are done by external third party organizations (Libicki, 2000). Under the Australian Privacy Act, an entity such as the VIC government is the holder the public sector data for its citizens; and so it is obliged to ensure this data and information remains private, even if such data management, such as storage is outsourced to third parties, but its the VIC government with express authority and right to deal with the information. For instance, stor ing public information in the cloud, a service offered by third parties may allow the vendors including human resource) software vendors to have access to the VIC public sector information data bases through shared storage of log-in ID. Further, the third party to which the security is outsourced may make mistakes or lead to data security breaches, through acts of omission or commission; the VIC government will still remain liable for such data breaches. Outsourcing security, a concept termed ISO (information security outsourcing) has the challenge of creating complexities, in environments that are less secure, while the organization is still supposed to be responsible for such data. ISO is a concept that has still not been adopted significantly, with research showing that 59% of firms outsource some aspects of their information security, such as penetration testing. However, just 13% of organizations have reported, according to the same research, to have adopted full ISO. When many vendors are involved, there are added complexities although some risks (pertaining to security) are reduced. Outsourcing requires an elaborate ICT security framework to evaluate risks pertaining to information integrity, confidentiality, and availability where many different vendors are to be evaluated. This approach also creates a new security model that must be evaluated. Looking at the other aspect of in-house security management; the risk profile and analysis show that internal threats are exacerbated by cultural issues, such as lax security measures. Generally, public organizations tend to be more lax on ICT security compared to private organizations. Further, a systematic cultural issue can be multiplied at different levels of the organization, further enhancing the threat of both internal and external ICT security threats. Because governments are not premier ICT service businesses, there is a tendency to have unsuitable internal security policies or gaps in implementing the outlined security policies. The best approach, therefore would be to adopt ISO but with a new security and risk profile assessment or use a hybrid model between outsourcing some security aspects, such as encryption and before-incident analysis of all threats before they reach the governments actual servers. The VIC government can also institute better security protocols such as restricted access and other measures including updating and patching anti malware and network devices firmware, while ensuring only authorized persons can access data. ISO becomes feasible when combined with cloud computing to improve security and business process continuity in case of a disaster where data is lost; the VIC government can continue offering services through the cloud restoration and backup platform. Further, the risk profile shows that vendor threats are medium to high, but internal threats are high or very high. Risk and Uncertainty Risk refers to the potential to either gain or lose value; since risk is a probability, it can be given a value to make it quantitative, for example, the probability of suffering a cyber-attack for Vic government is once every four months. The risk helps to create a risk profile that can then be used to hierarchically classify risks, and then deal with them based on the risk level (Lloyd, 2008). Uncertainty, on the other hand, is a qualitative and merely perceptive, it is the level of doubt over something, for instance, the margin of error for measuring a security risk. It does not have a straightforward description, although it is always present; for example, whether the VIC government should adopt ISO or depend on in-house ICT security measures; there is uncertainty on data security if it adopted ISO. Different approaches VIC government can use for risk control The VIC government can use a hybrid and integrated approach to ICT risk control in handling public data; the risk management profile should begin internally before some aspects can be outsourced. Internally, the government should implement the VPSF in Toto. The first line of defense is to undertake a comprehensive security and risk analysis and then, using the VPSF framework, develop a security policy that is updated regularly. The security policy should ensure that access to information is restricted and on a need-to-use basis. For sensitive information or those stored in the cloud, and for certain actions, such as modifying, deleting, or transferring data, and the user must be authenticated using a two-step log-in process involving mobile (Almutairi et al., 2012). For cloud applications, there must be strong APIs that are designed to automatically log out when there is no activity for a given period. VIC should also implement regulations for restricted area IT rooms to control acce ss using biometrics (Akhgar Arabnia, 2014). Users must have strong password authentication and administrators must constantly monitor logging activity, with actions such as downloading databases being restricted. The network devices such as wireless access points must have strong encrypted passwords and data should be sent in encrypted format. The VIC government should adopt a hybrid cloud and virtualization to back up its data in case of data loss, in multiple geographical locations with providers (Stair Reynolds, 2015). Further, the government must use basic security measures including physical and software firewalls, network analysis and monitors, antimalware, all which must be updated regularly; same for firmware patches (Brown, 2014). The VIC government an outsource security monitoring for the network where a company like RedTM uses a virtual version of its ICT system to monitor malware and give warnings. The system works in a way that if a malware targets VIC government, it first enters the virtual machines, where it ca n exploit thinking those are the actual physical datacenters and RED will identify such malicious activity and give warnings. References Akhgar, B., Arabnia, H. (2014). Emerging trends in ICT security. Amsterdam ; Boston : Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, Almutairi, A., Sarfraz, M., Basalamah, S., Aref, W., Ghafoor, A. (January 01, 2012). A Distributed Access Control Architecture for Cloud Computing. IEEE Software, 29, 2, 36-44. Bakhtiyari, S. A., Ismail, Z. (January 01, 2012). A Tree Model for Identification of Threats as the First Stage of Risk Assessment in HIS. Journal of Information Security, 3, 2, 169-176. Brown, B. C. (2014). How to Stop E-Mail Spam, Spyware, Malware, Computer Viruses, and Hackers from Ruining Your Computer or Network. Atlantic Publishing Group Inc. Choo, R. (2010). Cyber threat landscape faced by financial and insurance industry. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Durbin, S. (2016). Insiders are todays biggest security threat. [online] Recode. Available at: https://www.recode.net/2016/5/24/11756584/cyber-attack-data-breach-insider-threat-steve-durbin [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. 'Fox News' (2017). 'Ransomware' cyberattack cripples hospitals across England. [online] Fox News. Available at: https://www.foxnews.com/health/2017/05/12/uk-hospitals-turn-away-patients-after-ransomware-attack.html [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Griffith, C. (2017). Hackers on top. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/personal-technology/hackers-on-top-after-wannacry-cyber-attack/news-story/327769be8e177dcbd9127963634ac3ab [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Lloyd, Margaret M. (2008). Uncertainty and certainty: the visions and roadmaps of ICT educational policy. Otago University Press. Libicki, M. C., National Defense University. (2000). The future of information security. Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies. Mazurczyk, W., Caviglione, L. (March 01, 2015). Information Hiding as a Challenge for Malware Detection. IEEE Security Privacy, 13, 2, 89-93. Perlroth, N. (2017). Cyberattack on Saudi Oil Firm Disquiets U.S.. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/global/cyberattack-on-saudi-oil-firm-disquiets-us.html?mcubz=0 [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Rashmi, K. V., Shah, N. B., Gu, D., Kuang, H., Borthakur, D., Ramchandran, K. (February 25, 2015). A "hitchhiker's" guide to fast and efficient data reconstruction in erasure-coded data centers. Acm Sigcomm Computer Communication Review, 44, 4, 331-342 Rowe, E., Akman, T., Smith, R. G., Tomison, A. M. (2013). Organised Crime and Public

Extended Essay Research Proposal Sample

Extended Essay Research Proposal SampleIf you have written a thesis paper and now want to write an extended essay or dissertation, you can use the Research Proposal Sample of the extended essay research proposal. If you have been searching for a good material for your proposal, you may be able to find this sample online.The extended essay research proposal sample can help you be creative and very thought provoking as you create your own version of your proposal. You will be able to see a better outline of what you want your proposal to look like when you use this material.The student will be able to learn more about writing a persuasive essay in order to convince your reader. This can be a very long and difficult process, so it is important that the student learns how to do this before they are forced to make the paper. The student will also learn about how to ask good questions as well as learning how to answer them in a creative way.The persuasive essay can be a great tool for thos e who want to write a persuasive essay. This may be used in order to turn a different view on their research subject. It can also be used to learn more about how to write persuasive essays and also to know what kind of papers are accepted in these types of exams.The persuasive essay can be turned into a persuasive paper if the essay is well researched and written. The persuasive essay can also be used as a guide in the writing process. If the student uses the persuasive essay as a tool to make changes, it can also be used as a weapon against your peers.By using this persuasive essay, the student will be able to learn the tactics needed in order to be able to write a persuasive essay and it can be used as a tool to win an exam. By having the resource of the extended essay research proposal sample, the student will be able to learn to persuade others and may be able to be well rounded. When the student is well rounded they can become very creative and good writers.The persuasive essay can be written by an individual who wants to win a thesis and can also be used by the individual who wants to make a paper that persuades. If you want to use this type of paper for your project, then you will want to make sure that you are using the techniques in the essay research proposal sample.The persuasive essay is a great technique to help with your writing and can also be used in order to make a persuasive essay that will persuade the reader to take another look at the research that you have done. This essay is not hard to learn and the student can learn some techniques of writing a persuasive essay by using the research proposal sample.

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium Hyperkalemia breaks down to mean  hyper-  high;  kalium, potassium;  -emia, in the blood or high potassium in the blood. Potassium in the bloodstream is the K ion, not potassium metal, so this illness is one type of electrolyte imbalance. The normal concentration of the potassium ion in blood is 3.5 to 5.3 mmol or milliequivalents  per  liter  (mEq/L). Concentrations of 5.5 mmol and higher describe hyperkalemia. The opposite condition, low blood potassium levels, is termed hypokalemia. Mild hyperkalemia typically isnt identified except through a blood test, but extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency that can result in death, usually from heart arrhythmia. Hyperkalemia Symptoms The symptoms of elevated potassium are not specific to the condition. Mainly the effects are on the circulatory and nervous system. They include: weaknessmalaiseheart palpitationshyperventilation Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia results when too much potassium is taken into the body, when cells massively release potassium into the bloodstream, or when the kidneys cant properly excrete potassium. There are numerous causes of hyperkalemia, including: kidney diseasediabetes (leading to nephropathy)medications that affect urination (NSAIDS, diuretics, antibiotics, etc.)diseases associated with a mineralocorticoid deficiencymassive blood transfusionany major tissue damage, whether it be from injury (burns, serious wounds) or medical treatment (notably chemotherapy)excessive dietary intake of potassium-rich foods (e.g., salt substitute, bananas)intentional hyperkalemia as the last step of lethal injection, to disrupt and stop the heart Not that its highly unusual for a person with ordinary kidney function to overdose on potassium from foods. Excess potassium resolves itself if the kidneys are able to process an overload. If the kidneys are damaged, hyperkalemia becomes an ongoing concern. Preventing Hyperkalemia In some cases, its possible to prevent potassium buildup by limiting dietary intake of potassium-rich foods, taking diuretics, or ending a medication that causes a problem. Hyperkalemia Treatment Treatment depends on the cause and severity of hyperkalemia. In a medical emergency, the goal is to shift the potassium ion from the bloodstream into cells. Injecting insulin or salbutamol temporarily lowers serum potassium levels.

Definition and Examples of Modifiers in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Modifiers in English Grammar In English grammar, a modifier is a  word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to provide additional information about another word or word group (called the head). A modifier is also known as an adjunct. As illustrated below, modifiers in English include adjectives, adverbs, demonstratives, possessive determiners, prepositional phrases, degree modifiers, and intensifiers.   Modifiers that appear before the head are called premodifiers, while modifiers that appear after the head are called postmodifiers. Modifiers may be either restrictive (essential to the meaning of a sentence) or nonrestrictive (additional but not essential elements in a sentence). Examples of Different Modifier Usage Too many grammar terms in a row? Lets look at some examples. Authors  Gà ¼nter Radden and Renà © Dirven  illustrate the types with the most common ways that qualifying modifiers are used in Cognitive English Grammar. In all the examples here, the qualifiers modify the word detective and are in italics: (4a) Hercule Poirot is a  brilliant  detective.(4b)  Agatha Christies  detective Poirot is a legend all over the world.(4c) The detective  with the waxed moustache  solves the  most baffling  cases.(4d) Hercule Poirot is the  famous  detective  created by the English mystery writer Agatha Christie.(4e) Poirot is a detective  who has come to England as a war refugee.In sentence (4a), the adjective  brilliant  modifies the  predicate noun  detective.In sentence (4b), the head noun  detective  is modified by the complex  noun phrase  Agatha Christies, where the  genitive  morpheme  s  expresses the relation of possession.In sentence (4c), the noun  a detective  is modified by the  prepositional phrase  with the waxed moustache.In sentence (4d), two  nonrestrictive  modifiers are added to qualify the definite  referent  detective: the adjective  famous  and the  participial phrase  created by the English mystery-writ er Agatha Christie.In sentence (4e),  a detective  is modified by a  relative clause. Additional Examples of Modifier Types We could go further, to illustrate additional examples:   Hercule Poirot is a really good detective. The word really represents an intensifier for the adjective good. Really is an adverb, as it is modifying an adjective. Hercule Poirot is that detective. The word that is demonstrative. It distinguishes Poirot from at least one other detective. Hercule Poirot is the detective whos not wearing a deerstalker hat. The clause  is restrictive. The clause is essential to know which detective Poirot is, presumably from at least one detective who is wearing a deerstalker hat. The case was  almost  solved. The degree modifier (an adverb) shows how much of the case was solved. Instead of intensifying, degree modifiers qualify by giving the degree to which something is, like someone being fairly sure of something. Wearing a deerstalker hat, the murderer was caught by Sherlock Holmes. This clause represents a misplaced modifier  because it puts the hat on the murderers head instead of Holmes. If there were no subject of the sentence (eliminating by Sherlock Holmes), the opening phrase would be a  dangling modifier. Few detectives wear deerstalker hats. Few is a  quantifier, telling how many. Both Hercule Poirot and Sherlock homes are well-known detectives. The modifier is a  compound adjective. Source Radden, Gà ¼nter. Cognitive English Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics in Practice, Renà © Dirven, 2nd Edition, John Benjamins Publishing Company, July 5, 2007.