Dance Therapy for Down Syndrome Effects and Improvements - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2499 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Down Syndrome Essay Did you like this example? For most of their life, people with Down syndrome will go through years of physical therapy. Although this is an effective form of treatment, could there be a more effective form of Therapy? By looking at statistics as well as personal experiences, we can see that dance would be considered the better form of physical therapy for those with Down syndrome; This is important because we strive to better the lives of those with disabilities and encourage them to take part in every ones day to day activities. By allowing children as well as adults to take part in dance classes as a form of physical therapy not only will they better their hand-eye coordination and muscle memory, the will also gain confidence in themselves and their social abilities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dance Therapy for Down Syndrome Effects and Improvements" essay for you Create order Dance over yoga, martial arts, and team sports uses music to keep tempo and keeps a consistent movement pattern throughout a dance that could take months to perfect. Throughout research we have found that dance classes are a more effective form of therapy for those with down syndrome. During classes children or adults will learn a series of combinations that strengthen their hand-eye coordination as well as their muscle memory. What is Down syndrome? According to the Mayo Clinic, Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome(mayo clinic, pg.1). People with Down syndrome experience difficulties with hand-eye coordination as well as muscle memory. Although physical therapy helps with hand-eye coordination as well as muscle memory, dance could be considered the better form of therapy over not only regular PT, but as well as yoga, sports, and other arts as well. Learning dance combinations and repeating certain techniques accompanied by music can increase muscle memory and hand-eye coordination while keeping life interesting and allowing them to work with peers. In the article Crossing the Midline, we learn about the Company Ds Dance Troupe. Christopher Blank gives us some insight into Company Ds Dance troupe created by Darlene Winters. This company is a mixed company that allows children with and without disabilities to dance and grow together. The company has grown greatly over the past 10 years that its been running. Winters states, From the beginning, I wanted to raise awareness of whats possible, Winters says. But I also wanted people to respond to our artistry. I never think Im setting a piece for someone with a disability, though the process is different.(winters, pg.17) She helps other studios properly train children with down syndrome and gives hope to not only the children, but also the parents of the children with disabilities. This company supports children with down syndrome using dance as physical therapy. The article Dancing with Down Syndrome: A Phenomenological Case Study, goes a little bit deeper into research about why dance is an effective form of Physical therapy. When children with Down syndrome learn a combination and practice it over and over their muscles begin to memorize the sequence. Dancing with down syndrome isnt a highly researched topic although it is a highly effective form of physical therapy for those with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a common disability that limits the psychological, social, and physical components of the person with the disability. Due to the lack of research a study was done to test the effectiveness of dance on someone with Down syndrome. They studied the perspective of the 21 year-old doing the study and his parents. After analyzing the data from the study, it was found that dance indeed was an effective form of physical therapy for those with down syndrome. Lauren Clarks Movement Patterns and Quality of Life for individuals with down syndrome: An Overview of Dance as Physical Therapy, discusses how dance and music quality could be more entertaining for children with down syndrome. Children and adults with Down syndrome often are required to attend physical therapy which can be a struggle if they get bored or distracted while attempting to complete the physical tasks. Clark discusses how if we intertwine dance movements and physical therapy training it might be more exciting for people with down syndrome. This form of therapy would be more exciting because of the interaction with other peers and maybe using their favorite song and allowing them to create something of their own. As adults with Down syndrome start aging, their memory skills start to deteriorate along with other things. Keeping them engaged with dance skills and physical therapy could help preserve their muscle memory. Overall this article is stressing the importance of enh ancing the quality of life for those with Down syndrome. Adaptive dance is a program created by Boston Ballet where they collaborate with the Bostons Childrens Hospital to create movement to help the development in children with Down syndrome. Adaptive dance wanted to give children with Down syndrome confidence along with mobility and focus skills. This program taught children with this disability that they can overcome their challenges not only physically but also emotionally. These children were able to find their true selves through dancing. This gives us a little insight into how effective this is for not only the children and their families but also the founders and teachers that are involved. This collaboration gave children from the Bostons Childrens Hospital a different outlook towards life and taught them strategies that they could not learn through regular therapy such as, learning how to match their movements to music and remembering which movement was to happen during a certain part of the song. The article The Influence Of The Dance for People with Down Syndrome, discusses how dance is more effective for learning for those with down syndrome. Dance has never been seen as a form of physical therapy until we realized that it can help with motor skills, coordination, and balance. These three skills are difficult for children and adults with down syndrome, so why not use dance as a form of physical therapy for those with Down Syndrome? To prove this theory, 12 members of the ALDO-CET Bileti Association took part in a study that involved using dance as therapy. In this study, they would be examined biweekly and were tested before and after the therapy to determine if it was more effective. The results of this project proved that in fact dance is a better form of physical therapy for people of all ages with Down syndrome. We see an example of a study done in the article Effects of a Dance Program on Static Balance On a Platform in Young Adults with Down Syndrome. They face themselves with the question How will an 18-week study compare the static balance and posture control in people with and without Down syndrome with their eyes open and closed? This studied included 22 people all at the age of 20 there were 11 with Down syndrome and 11 without Down syndrome. After the study was completed, it was concluded that those with Down syndrome have worse closed and open eye center of pressure than those without Down syndrome. Their visual information is also affected differently that those without Down syndrome. In volume 33 Issue 3 Gutierrez-Vilah states It can be concluded that young people with DS differ from TD participants in terms of control of the center of gravity during static standing, speci cally in extent of displacement rather than the oscillation frequency of their center of gravity. The displac ement amplitude is higher in young people with DS. Furthermore, we have found that this center-of-gravity behavior does not change according to the visual condition, that is, whether they use visual cues. (Gutierrez-Vilah, pg.248). With the dance training, there was definitely an increase in center of pressure. Learning how to perform with their eyes closed increased their mobility skills along with their memorization skills. This concludes that dance is an effective form of physical therapy for people with Down syndrome. According to Assumption College, Down syndrome is the most commonly occurring chromosomal condition and it affects more than 400,000 people in the United States. The chances of having a child with Down syndrome increases as the mother ages (Clark, pg.1). Adults and children living with down syndrome grow up with Multiple health issues that affect their quality of life. Physical Therapy is the main healing factor to these health issues but after multiple studies, doctors have realized that there has been an increase in lack of motivation when it comes to people with Down syndrome and physical therapy. Through recent studies it has become aware to doctors that dance has sparked interest in those with Down syndrome and they find a sense of self confidence through the art of dance. It is encouraged for Therapist as well as instructors to incorporate the art of dance as well as repetitive movements to ensure a positive outcome for people with down syndrome and give them something to look forward to each day. Quality of life is one of the biggest concerns when it comes to disabilities like Down syndrome we must strive to ensure that they are in a positive environment and are enjoying the activities they are taking part in. Another study I reviewed was done by Diana Schulman and Blanche Dupont where 10 people with Down syndrome ranging from ages 3 to 13 took part in an experiment to test their toe standing balance as well as single-point standing balance with their eyes open and closed. For six months, a semiweekly program involving physical therapy and dance curriculum/ movements would be conducted. Every program involved dance and gymnastic movements accompanied by music and repetitive movements. Author Blanche Dupont wrote, It was hypothesized that a specially designed dance curriculum which integrated dance and traditional physical therapy facilitation techniques could benefit children with Down Syndrome because of the combined inherent cognitive and motor effects of the two modalities (Dupont, pg.19). After the six-month program the researchers came to the conclusion that dance was in fact a better form of therapy and taught these children certain skills that physical therapy struggles too such as balance, tempo, and muscle memory. There was an increase in not only their muscle memory but as well as their rhythmic understanding and hand eye coordination skills. In the spring of 2010, The Global Down Syndrome Foundation decided to create a program named the Be Beautiful Be Yourself Dance Program. Most dance instructors are not properly trained to teach a child with Down syndrome and as parents began to notice their child was being left out due to their disability, they decided to take action. Patricia C. Winders a well-known down syndrome specialist and physical therapist created this program. This program was designed to give the parents of the children with Down syndrome reassurance and confidence that their child would be taken care of when taking part in this art. Quality of life is the main concern of parents as well as the other people involved in this program such as instructors and physical therapist. The Global Down Syndrome Foundation states, The purpose of the program is to instill a lifelong love of dance and movement in each student. The students work on physical stamina, verbalization skills, following directions, and coordinat ed interaction. They learn ballet movement, music appreciation, rhythm and basic dance steps (The Global Down Syndrome Foundation, pg.1). This foundation is doing a beautiful thing not only for the families and children affected by Down Syndrome but as well as the community they are surrounded by. In the article Children with Down Syndrome: Discovering the Joy of Movement, we realize that movement is a very important aspect in childrens growth. For children with Down syndrome, therapist always recommend for these children to heavily involve themselves in some kind of movement whether it be running or physical therapy, but for some time we have ruled out dance due to the difficulty in skills and tricks. As more studies have been conducted, we have come to realize that dance could be the best candidate for people with Down syndrome when it comes to therapy. Ballet is said to strengthen the balance as well as the create a sense of awareness within their bodies. Laban movements are not only essential in the dance world but as well as in physical therapy for people with Down syndrome. Anne Jobling states, with a Laban approach, children with DS are taught awareness of their body in three ways as they move-body awareness, space awareness, and effort awareness. Body awareness is an i mportant prerequisite to knowing what the body does and how limbs function in movement. For example, what parts of my body are moving now? How does my body move? How can I use my body to perform that action? Where are my head, arms, legs, and trunk?(Jobling, pg.36) This article truly gives us a deeper insight into what movements do what, for people with Down syndrome. Jobling also includes, The children can be introduced to body parts during a circle time. A percussion instrument provides the rhythm as they sing or recite the following words: clap, clap, clap your hands; tap, tap, tap your head; beep, beep, beep your nose; wiggle, wiggle, wiggle your toes (Jobling, pg.36). The positive effect dance has on children with disabilities, both physical and emotional, is astounding. We can conclude that although physical therapy is in fact an effective form of treatment for the disabilities associated with Down syndrome, dance curriculum and movement is ultimately the better choice for people of all ages with Down syndrome, as noted in the Be Beautiful Be Yourself program. Many parents whose children have Down syndrome often see their child being left out due to the physical and mental limitations associated with Down syndrome. We should encourage those with Down syndrome, along with their families, to engage in this beautiful form of art to increase growth as well as social abilities. In contrast to traditional physical therapy, dance therapy incorporates music, movement, and the opportunity to interact with others with similar limitations which promotes the development of friendships, artistic expression, and a sense of belonging with others. We must focus on quality of life and what will make these extraordinary people happy along with treating their disabil ities and enhancing their strengths. Participation in dance over yoga, team sports, and physical therapy will create fulfilling, beneficial opportunities for individuals with Down syndrome and provides an atmosphere in which they can be themselves without judgment. After researching multiple studies regarding utilization of dance as physical therapy, it is evident that dance not only gives children confidence, but it also increases muscle memory, music appreciation, hand-eye coordination, and balance. I believe we should encourage people with Down syndrome, as well as their families, to step out of their comfort zones and allow their children to become a part of something that will assist them in developing social, emotional, and physical skills through the beautiful art of dance.

The Death Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 889 Words

The idea of death is prominent in all cultures. Everyone who has ever lived has died; it is a fact of life and nature. Though death is a natural assurance people, still have an uneasy relationship with the idea. Many people question what happens after death and from this people fear the unknown qualities behind it. This leads them to search for a way to change the inevitability of death. The story of Gilgamesh is a classic example of how far people will go for their fear of death. The first half of Gilgamesh’s story does not exactly delve into the main theme of death but help sets up the situation that the latter half uses to expand upon. The story of Gilgamesh starts out explaining the might and power of this king. Proclaiming Gilgamesh’s demi- god status as a â€Å"perfect† being the gods created by imbuing him with mighty strength and powers. One would assume him to be above mortal limits being two parts god and one part man. 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Death becomes a large issue for Gilgamesh, one that cannot be overcome or avoided due to the fact that while he is part god he is also human, and as part human he must succumb to the fatal flaw of all humans, death. However Gilgamesh s fear of death does not surface until heRead More Death and Immortality in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesDeath and Immortality in The Epic of Gilgamesh The search for immortality has been a major concern for many men and women all throughout history. True love and immortality in life would be a dream come true to many. To spend time with a special someone, the person one feels closest to, and never have to say good-bye would greatly appeal to most people. But when death steps into the picture, even with all the pain and devastation, one starts to re-evaluate themselvesRead More Struggling with Death in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesStruggling with Death in The Epic of Gilgamesh In the ?Epic of Gilgamesh,? 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Tobacco Advertising Essay - 608 Words

Tobacco Advertising Although the Tobacco Industry recently paid enormous fines to the US Government and Individual states, they continue to promote smoking and influence young human beings world wide to use their products through multi dimensional advertising. For decades Americans were not told the truth about the dangers of smoking. The media stayed silent because it did not want to lose the hundreds of millions of dollars it made from cigarette advertising. The hopeful result of the tobacco lawsuits would be that the advertising target market would not be the young. The fact that the Tobacco Companies lose three thousand to five thousand customers each day causes the industry to look for replacements†¦show more content†¦A very popular technique used in propaganda is plain folk. This is a technique when advertising makes the average American citizen feel he can relate to the people in the advertisement. For instance, an advertisement in Men s Health depicted a family camping trip with a honorable father smoking while singing around a campfire to his kids. Also, an additional promotion that was found in this magazine was a healthy in shape man smoking. This is an unrealistic situation for healthy and well-respected fathers. Another way people are shielded from the negative reality of tobacco use is through celebrities. This is called testimonial techniques of propaganda. Testimonial technique is an extremely important and controversial method. This technique is when a celebrity or notorious person gimmicks people into the product by making it seem better because they use it or promote it. One example of this is Emmit Smith using chewing tobacco. His slogan, Pinch between your cheek and gums, is catchy and appealing to football fans. This is a extremely unhealthy promotion for young athletes. The catch with a testimonial technique is it might appear as though the celebrity enjoys a product when in reality he/she has n ever touched it. The last technique of propaganda is Bandwagon. The bandwagon technique makes people feel like they should go along with the crowd. This technique usually succeeds because most people have a deepShow MoreRelatedThe Ban Of The Tobacco Advertising1084 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent when looking at the Indian Government’s deliberation over tobacco marketing and the usage of tobacco impacting their economy and population. The Government of India proposed bans on tobacco advertising leading to arguments for and against, it is however important to analyze both sides those in favor an those against, and any conflicts of interest that may be involved. Taking a closer look at those in favor of the tobacco advertising bans there are several factors to be considered. The GovernmentRead MoreArgument On The Tobacco Advertising944 Words   |  4 Pages ARGUMENT ON THE TOBACCO ADVERTISING On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The people that support the government plan on banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their product, believe state had the right to intervene in the overall interest of the citizens. They also cited the exampleRead MoreThe Issue Of Tobacco Advertising960 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of how tobacco companies try to influence teenagers into adulthood to consume tobacco was further highlighted in a legal case in the US that resulted in a ban on certain adverts that were said to attract the young into smoking Camel cigarettes. 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Essay Violence and Aggression in the Workplace is on the Rise

In the early 1980s aggression and violence in the workplace have been a source of a lot of public discussion. (Piquero pg.383) The issues have risen again recently and have mostly been present in management and business fields. Workplace aggression often includes â€Å"behavior by an individual or individuals within or outside organizations that is intended to physically or psychologically harms a worker or workers and occurs in a work related†. (Schat Kelloway Pg. 191) A national survey Conducted by the National Centers for Victims of Crime shows several statistics regarding workplace homicide by type show that is the year of (see fig. 1), violent crimes against victims working or an duty( see fig. 2) and nonfatal workplace violence†¦show more content†¦The NCVS shows that 1.7 million on the average are not fatally assaulted while they are working. The majority of the cases that were examined were simple assaults. Assaults are defined as â€Å"an unlawful physical attack upon another an attempt or offer to do violence to another with or without batter, as by holding a stone or club in a threatening manner.† (Dictionary.com) Furthermore it has also been reported by the Bureau of the labor statistics has reported findings that under 139,000 individuals lost work days because of lost court cases because of assaults by people. In order to receive accurate and specific data related to work place violence the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health collaborated with the consumer product safety commission to use a well thought out system known as the National Electronic injury surveillance system. (See figure 4) The system was used to see how many individuals who were victims sustained injuries in the hospital events. This data provided information about how the incident occurred and specific details on each event the data also contributes to implementing new ways to enhance the prevention of non-fatal injuries in work place violence. Disgruntled is defined as displaced and discontented; sulky and peevish. According to the many researchers and analysis workplace violence is closely related to theShow MoreRelatedViolence Tends To Threaten The Organization Of Society.1648 Words   |  7 PagesViolence tends to threaten the organization of society. In today’s society violence is permeated in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Violence in our society enters our homes, workplace, and schools and especially in the media. Violence is the intentional action or inaction causing physical, sexual and psychological injury, including battering, pornography, sexual assault, incest, child abuse and sexual harassment. Advertisers use sex to get our attention and they make claims about their product’sRead MoreThe Dark Side Of An Organization1730 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the workplace that (a) according to official structure, culture and rules of the organisation, â€Å"should not happen† and (b) contain an element of challenge to the dominant modes of operating or to dominant interests in the organisation (Richards, 2008[add other citation]). These behaviours are harmful to self, others and the organisation. 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The patient’s substance ab use and malingering must not be enabled. Aside from misuse, adverse effects are also a concern, as an overdose of the patient may warrant the nurse a charge of malpractice. Proposed Solution Violence in the workplace perpetrated by patients is unfortunately common and delays the patient’s

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen Free Essays

string(27) " not seem to help herself\." After five years at Belgrave, Grace had become, if not accustomed, then at least aware of just what could be accomplished with a bit of prestige and a great deal of money. Nonetheless, even she was amazed at how quickly their travel plans fell into place. Within three days a private yacht had been reserved to ferry them from Liverpool to Dublin and then wait at the dock – for as long as necessary, apparently – until they were ready to return to England. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of Thomas’s secretaries had been dispatched to Ireland to arrange for their stay. Grace had felt nothing but pity for the poor man as he was forced to listen to – and then repeat, twice – the dowager’s copious and highly detailed instructions. She herself was used to the dowager’s ways, but the secretary, accustomed to dealing with a far more reasonable employer, looked nearly ready to cry. Only the best of inns would do for such a traveling party, and of course they would expect the finest set of rooms in each establishment. If the rooms were already reserved, the innkeepers would have to make arrangements to place the other travelers elsewhere. The dowager told Grace that she liked to send someone ahead in cases like these. It was only polite to give the innkeepers a bit of notice so they could find alternate accommodations for their other guests. Grace thought it would have been more polite not to give the boot to people whose only crime was to reserve a room prior to the dowager, but all she could do was offer the poor secretary a sympathetic smile. The dowager wasn’t going to change her ways, and besides, she’d already launched into her next set of instructions, which pertained to cleanliness, food, and the preferred dimensions of hand towels. Grace spent her days dashing about the castle, preparing for the voyage and passing along important messages, since the other three inhabitants seemed determined to avoid one another. The dowager was as surly and rude as ever, but now there was an underlying layer of giddiness that Grace found disconcerting. The dowager was excited about the upcoming journey. It was enough to leave even the most experienced of companions uneasy; the dowager was never excited about anything. Pleased, yes; satisfied, often (although un satisfied was a far more frequent emotion). But excited? Grace had never witnessed it. It was odd, because the dowager did not seem to like Mr. Audley very well, and it was clear that she respected him not at all. And as for Mr. Audley – he returned the sentiment in spades. He was much like Thomas in that regard. It seemed to Grace that the two men might have been fast friends had they not met under such strained circumstances. But while Thomas’s dealings with the dowager were frank and direct, Mr. Audley was much more sly. He was always provoking the dowager when in her company, always ready with a comment so subtle that Grace could only be sure of his meaning when she caught his secret smile. There was always a secret smile. And it was always for her. Even now, just thinking about it, she found herself hugging her arms to her body, as if holding it tightly against her heart. When he smiled at her, she felt it – as if it were more than something to be seen. It landed upon her like a kiss, and her body responded in kind – a little flip in her stomach, pink heat on her cheeks. She maintained her composure, because that was what she’d been trained to do, and she even managed her own sort of reply – the tiniest of curves at the corners of her mouth, maybe a change in the way she held her gaze. She knew he saw it, too. He saw everything. He liked to play at being obtuse, but he had the keenest eye for observation she had ever known. And all through this, the dowager pressed forward, single-minded in her determination to wrest the title from Thomas and give it to Mr. Audley. When the dowager spoke of their upcoming journey, it was never if they found proof, it was when they found it. Already she had begun to plan how best to announce the change to the rest of society. Grace had noticed that she was not particularly discreet about it, either. What was it the dowager had said just the other day – right in front of Thomas? Something about having to redraw endless contracts to reflect the proper ducal name. She had even turned to him and asked if he thought that anything he’d signed while duke was legally binding. Grace had thought Thomas a master of restraint for not throttling her on the spot. Indeed, all he said was, â€Å"It will hardly be my problem should that come to pass.† And then, with a mocking bow in the dowager’s direction, he left the room. Grace was not sure why she was so surprised that the dowager did not censor herself in front of Thomas; it wasn’t as if she’d shown a care for anyone else’s feelings before. But surely this qualified as extraordinary circumstances. Surely even Augusta Cavendish could see where it might be hurtful to stand in front of Thomas and talk about how she planned to go about his public humiliation. And as for Thomas – he was not himself. He was drinking too much, and when he wasn’t closeted in his study, he stalked about the house like a moody lion. Grace tried to avoid him, partly because he was in such poor temper, but mostly because she felt so guilty about everything, so unconscionably disloyal for liking Mr. Audley so well. Which left him. Mr. Audley. She’d been spending too much time with him. She knew it but could not seem to help herself. You read "The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen" in category "Essay examples" And it really wasn’t her fault. The dowager kept sending her on errands that put her in his sphere. Liverpool or Holyhead – which port made better sense for their departure? Surely Jack (the dowager still refused to call him Mr. Audley, and he would not respond to anything Cavendish) would know. What might they expect from the weather? Find Jack and ask his opinion. Could one obtain a decent pot of tea in Ireland? What about once they’d left the environs of Dublin? And then, after Grace had reported back with Yes and for God’s sake (amended to remove the blasphemy), she was sent on her way again to determine if he even knew how to judge a tea’s quality. It was almost embarrassing to ask him this. It should have been, but by that point they were bursting out laughing just at the sight of each other. It was like that all the time now. He would smile. And then she would smile. And she was reminded just how much better she liked herself when she had reason to smile. Just now the dowager had ordered her to find him for a full accounting of their proposed route through Ireland, which Grace found odd, since she would have thought the dowager had worked that out by then. But she was not about to complain, not when the task both removed her from the dowager’s presence and placed her in Mr. Audley’s. † Jack,† she whispered to herself. He was Jack. His name suited him perfectly, dashing and carefree. John was far too staid, and Mr. Audley too formal. She wanted him to be Jack, even though she had not allowed herself to say it aloud to him, not since their kiss. He had teased her about it – he always teased her about it. He’d prodded and cajoled and told her she must use his given name or he would not respond, but she remained steadfast. Because once she did, she was afraid she could never go back. And she was already so perilously close to losing her heart forever. It could happen. It would happen if she let it. She had only to let go. She could close her eyes and imagine a future†¦with him, and children, and so much laughter. But not here. Not at Belgrave, with him as the duke. She wanted Sillsby back. Not the house, since that could never be, but the feeling of it. The comfortable warmth, the kitchen garden that her mother had never been too important to attend. She wanted the evenings in the sitting room – the sitting room, she reminded herself, the only one. Nothing that had to be described with a color or a fabric or a location within the building. She wanted to read by the fire with her husband, pointing out bits that amused her, and laughing when he did the same. That was what she wanted, and when she had the courage to be honest with herself, she knew that she wanted it with him. But she wasn’t often honest with herself. What was the point? He didn’t know who he was; how could she know what to dream? She was protecting herself, holding her heart in armor until she had an answer. Because if he was the Duke of Wyndham, then she was a fool. As fine a house as Belgrave was, Jack much preferred to spend time out of doors, and now that his mount had been transferred to the Wyndham stables (where his horse was certainly wallowing in joy over the endless carrots and warm accommodations), he had taken up the habit of a ride each morning. Not that this was so very far from his prior routine; Jack usually found himself on horseback by late morning. The difference was that before he’d been going somewhere, or, on occasion, fleeing from somewhere. Now he was out and about for sport, for constitutional exercise. Strange, the life of a gentleman. Physical exertion was achieved through organized behavior, and not, as the rest of society got it, through an honest day’s work. Or a dishonest one, as the case often was. He was returning to the house – it was difficult to call it a castle, even though that’s what it was; it always made him want to roll his eyes – on his fourth day at Belgrave, feeling invigorated by the soft bite of the wind over the fields. As he walked up the steps to the main door, he caught himself peering this way and that, hoping for a glimpse of Grace even though it was highly unlikely she’d be out of doors. He was always hoping for a glimpse of Grace, no matter where he was. Just the sight of her made something tickle and fizz within his chest. Half the time she did not even see him, which he did not mind. He rather enjoyed watching her go about her duties. But if he stared long enough – and he always did; there was never any good reason to place his eyes anywhere else – she always sensed him. Eventually, even if he was at an odd angle, or obscured in shadows, she felt his presence, and she’d turn. He always tried to play the seducer then, to gaze at her with smoldering intensity, to see if she’d melt in a pool of whimpering desire. But he never did. Because all he could do, whenever she looked back at him, was smile like a lovesick fool. He would have been disgusted with himself, except that she always smiled in return, which never failed to turn the tickle and fizz into something even more bubbly and carefree. He pushed open the door to Belgrave’s front hall, pausing for a moment once he was inside. It took a few seconds to adjust to the abrupt lack of wind, and indeed, his body gave an unprompted little shake, as if to push away the chill. This also gave him time to glance about the hall, and indeed, he was rewarded for his diligence. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh!† he called out, since she was at the far end of the long space, presumably off on another one of the dowager’s ridiculous errands. â€Å"Mr. Audley,† she said, smiling as she walked toward him. He shrugged off his coat (presumably purloined from the ducal closet) and handed it to a footman, marveling, as always, at how the servants seemed to materialize from nowhere, always at the exact moment they were needed. Someone had trained them well. He was close enough to his military days to appreciate this. Grace reached his side before he had even pulled off his gloves. â€Å"Have you been out for a ride?† she asked. â€Å"Indeed. It’s a perfect day for it.† â€Å"Even with all the wind?† â€Å"It’s best with wind.† â€Å"I trust you were reunited with your horse?† â€Å"Indeed. Lucy and I make a fine team.† â€Å"You ride a mare?† â€Å"A gelding.† She blinked with curiosity, but not, strangely, surprise. â€Å"You named your gelding Lucy?† He gave his shrug a bit of dramatic flair. â€Å"It is one of those stories that loses something in the retelling.† In truth, it involved drink, three separate wagers, and a propensity for the contrary that he was not certain he was proud of. â€Å"I am not much of an equestrienne,† she said. It was not an apology, just a statement of fact. â€Å"By choice or circumstance?† â€Å"A bit of both,† she replied, and she looked a bit curious, as if she’d never thought to ask herself that question. â€Å"You shall have to join me sometime.† She smiled ruefully. â€Å"I hardly think that falls within the scope of my duties to the dowager.† Jack rather doubted that. He remained suspicious of the dowager’s motives as pertained to Grace; she seemed to thrust Grace in his direction at every possible occasion, like some piece of ripened fruit, dangled before his nose to entice him to stay put. He found it all rather appalling, but wasn’t about to deny himself the pleasure of Grace’s company just to spite the old bat. â€Å"Bah,† he said. â€Å"All the best companions go riding with the houseguests.† â€Å"Oh.† So dubious. â€Å"Really.† â€Å"Well, they do in my imagination, at least.† Grace shook her head, not even trying not to smile. â€Å"Mr. Audley†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But he was looking this way and that, his manner almost comically surreptitious. â€Å"I think we’re alone,† he whispered. Grace leaned in, feeling very sly. â€Å"Which means†¦?† â€Å"You can call me Jack.† She pretended to consider. â€Å"No, I don’t think so.† â€Å"I won’t tell.† â€Å"Mmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her nose scrunched, and then a matter-of-fact: â€Å"No.† â€Å"You did it once.† She pressed her lips together, suppressing not a smile, but a full-fledged laugh. â€Å"That was a mistake.† â€Å"Indeed.† Grace gasped and turned. It was Thomas. â€Å"Where the devil did he come from?† Mr. Audley murmured. From the small saloon, Grace thought miserably. The entrance was right behind them. Thomas frequently spent time there, reading or tending to his correspondence. He said he liked the afternoon light. But it wasn’t afternoon. And he smelled like brandy. â€Å"A pleasant conversation,† Thomas drawled. â€Å"One of many, I assume.† â€Å"Were you eavesdropping?† Mr. Audley said mildly. â€Å"For shame.† â€Å"Your grace,† Grace began, â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"It’s Thomas,† he cut in derisively, â€Å"or don’t you recall? You’ve used my name far more than once.† Grace felt her cheeks grow hot. She’d not been sure how much of the conversation Thomas had heard. Apparently, most of it. â€Å"Is that so?† Mr. Audley said. â€Å"In that case, I insist you call me Jack.† He turned to Thomas and shrugged. â€Å"It’s only fair.† Thomas made no verbal reply, although his thunderous expression spoke volumes. Mr. Audley turned back to her and said, â€Å"I shall call you Grace.† â€Å"You will not,† Thomas snapped. Mr. Audley remained as calm as ever. â€Å"Does he always make these decisions for you?† â€Å"This is my house,† Thomas returned. â€Å"Possibly not for long,† Mr. Audley murmured. Grace actually lurched forward, so sure was she that Thomas was going to lunge at him. But in the end Thomas only chuckled. He chuckled, but it was an awful sound. â€Å"Just so you know,† he said, looking Mr. Audley in the eye, â€Å"she doesn’t come with the house.† Grace looked at him in shock. â€Å"Just what do you mean by that?† Mr. Audley inquired, and his voice was so smooth, so purposefully polite, that it was impossible not to hear the edge of steel underneath. â€Å"I think you know.† â€Å"Thomas,† Grace said, trying to intercede. â€Å"Oh, we’re back to Thomas, are we?† â€Å"I think he fancies you, Miss Eversleigh,† Mr. Audley said, his tone almost cheerful. â€Å"Don’t be ridiculous,† Grace said immediately. Because he didn’t. He couldn’t. If Thomas had – Well, he’d had years to make it known, not that anything could have come of it. Thomas crossed his arms and gave Mr. Audley a stare – the sort that sent most men scurrying for the corners. Mr. Audley merely smiled. And then he said, â€Å"I wouldn’t wish to keep you from your responsibilities.† It was a dismissal, elegantly worded and undeniably rude. Grace could not believe it. No one spoke to Thomas that way. But Thomas smiled back. â€Å"Ah, now they are my responsibilities?† â€Å"While the house is still yours.† â€Å"It’s not just a house, Audley.† â€Å"Do you think I don’t know that?† No one spoke. Mr. Audley’s voice had been a hiss, low and urgent. And scared. â€Å"Excuse me,† Thomas said abruptly, and while Grace watched in silence, he turned and walked back into the small saloon, shutting the door firmly behind him. After what felt like an eternity, just staring at the white paint on the door, Grace turned back to Mr. Audley. â€Å"You should not have provoked him.† â€Å"Oh, I should not have been provoking?† She let out a tense breath. â€Å"Surely you understand what a difficult position he is in.† â€Å"As opposed to mine,† he said, in quite the most awful voice she’d heard him use. â€Å"How I adore being kidnapped and held against my will.† â€Å"No one has a gun to your head.† â€Å"Is that what you think?† His tone was mocking, and his eyes said he could not believe her naivete. â€Å"I don’t think you even want it,† Grace said. How was it this had not occurred to her before? How had she not seen it? â€Å"Want what?† he practically snapped. â€Å"The title. You don’t, do you?† â€Å"The title,† he said icily, â€Å"doesn’t want me.† She could only stare in horror as he turned on his heel and strode off. How to cite The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Fourteen, Essay examples

Independence Day of Bangladesh free essay sample

Bangladesh is surrounded by India, Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal. A republic in south Asia, Bangladesh was formerly East Pakistan, one of the five provinces into which Pakistan was divided at its creation, when Britains former Indian Empire was partitioned in August 1947. East Pakistan and the four western provinces were separated by about 1600 km of Indian territory. East Pakistan was formed from the former Indian province of East Bengal and the Sylhet districts of Assam. Although the East was more populous, government was based in West Pakistan. From the very inception of its formation, language remained the most problematic issue. Same status for Bengali language with Urdu and English was the demand and the movement involving all sections of the people of East Pakistan gave a strike call on 21 Feb, 1952. On that very day, police fired on a students rally and several students died. Since then the day has been observed as the Language Day (Bhasa Divas). We will write a custom essay sample on Independence Day of Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page East Pakistan became and independent entity named Bangladesh on 16, December, 1971, following civil war in which India actively supported the East. Leader of this independence movement, Sheikh Manipur Rahman became the first prime Minister. In January 1957 parliamentary government was replaced by a presidential form of Government. Sheikh Manipur Rahman became President, assuming absolute power. In February, Bangladesh became a one-party state. On 15 August, 1957 Sheikh Manipur and his family were assassinated in a coup. Chief of Army Staff, Major-Gen. Ziaur Rahman (Gen. Zia) took over power on 7 November, 1957. In June 1978 the countrys first direct presidential election resulted in a victory for Zia, who formed a Council of Advisers. Parliamentary elections followed in February 1979, in which President Ziaur Rahmans Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) won 207 of the 300 directly elective seats in the Jatiya Sangsad. Political instability recurred, however, when Gen. Ziaur was assassinated on 30 May 1981 during an attempted military coup. The elderly Vice-President , Justice Adbus Sattar, took over as acting President but was faced with Strikes and demonstrations over the execution of several officers who had been involved in the coup. On 24 March, 1982 there was a bloodless Military coup, by which Lieut. Gen. Ershad became chief martial law administrator. President Sattar was deposed. The Constitution was suspended and Parliament ceased to function. Assanuddin Chowdhury was sworn is as civilian president on 27 March. Lieut. Gen. Ershad assumed the presidency on 11 Dec,1983. Although the Governments economic politics achieved some success and gained a measure of popular support for Ershad, the all party alliance of MRD Movement for the Restoration of Democracy gained momentum. In Jan 1986 a National Executive Committee was formed and the National Party launched, composed of government supporters. Gen. Ershad was re-elected President on 15 October, 1986. Gen. Ershad was deposed and arrested after a popular uprising in December 1990. Mr Shahabuddhin Ahmed took over as Acting President. In the general elections held in February 1991 Bangladesh National Party led by Begum Khaleda Zia won 140 seats. Begum Zia was sworn in PM. In the general elections help in June, 1996, Awai League won 146 seats and Sheikh Hasina Wazed, daughter of the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, became the PM of Bangladesh. Jatiya Party quit the Govt in Mar 98.

Victoria Protective Data Security Framework-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Victoria Protective Data Security Framework Answer: Introducation Based on figure I above, there are two main categories of threats to the VIC government public sector data, based on the Victoria Protective Data Security Framework; internal threats and external threats. The internal threats are further subdivided into employee risks/ threats, where the employees are the cause of security risks. Employee risks can further be subdivided into intentional/ malicious threats and unintentional threats. The intentional threats/ risks include malicious theft of information for monetary gain or just malice where a staff member intentionally steals and shares sensitive information with malicious third parties. This may also be achieved by staff leaving backdoors for attackers to access the VIC public sector information without authorized access, such as by not implementing strong security policies in access points such as on routes and external access. Unauthorized access to information or editing information deliberately, such as overwriting or deletion of public sector data is another form of intentional security risks. Unintended internal risks from staff/ employees include accidental deletion, overwriting, or editing of information, or failure to save edited information, causing malware infection by using external storage devices that are infected, or exposing the VIC public sector data by exposing access credentials. Inability to follow set ICT security policies either due to ignorance or lack of such policies is also another unintended internal risk. Another source of internal risks includes organizational culture that is due to several factors of omission and commission. These include poor security policies such as failure to use strong passwords, not updating/ patching software regularly, and inability to constantly review and update security policies and threats, and noncompliance. Other factors/ causes for risks due to organizational culture include hiring ICT staff that do not meet the standards (are unqualified) and using external vendors without vetting. Cultural issues also include lack of clear policies such as restricting access to specific information, failure to encrypt information, poor setup for data bases and backups, and inability to undertake sensitization initiatives on ICT risks to educate users/ employees. Because there is increased use of the internet, there are other extern al risks that include cyber-attacks, loss of data due to disasters, and risks of data loss/ theft due to external service providers, such as cloud service providers or software/ device providers and vendors whose products fail, or have vulnerabilities that malicious persons exploit. The table below further classifies these risks into high, medium, medium-low, and low level risks. Classification of Risks Risk source Risks and Their Classification High level risk Medium level risks Medium-Low level risks Low level risks Internal risks Deliberate internal risks Deliberate data theft Deliberate backdoors Deliberate deletion/ modification/ editing of VIC public sector data Unintended internal risks Ignorance of security policies or lack of them thereof Accidental deletion/ modification/ editing of VIC public sector data Use of external infected storage devices Opening infected files or clicking links to exploit sites through e-mail Organization culture risks Hiring of unqualified/ incompetent IT staff Understaffing IT security staff Lack of/ inadequate management support Noncompliance with Victoria Protective Data Security Framework (VPDF) Failure to update and patch software, firmware Poor administration in access control Failure to continuously review and update ICT security policies Poor setup of ICT resources such as failure to back-up, implement RAID systems (bad system architecture) Poor SLA agreements with cloud providers External risks Cyber attacks Malware, DoS, DDoS, viruses Phishing Data loss Data loss due to disasters such as fires, unreadable data Comparative Analysis of Deliberate and Accidental Threats Deliberate threats include intentional threats and risks to the VIC public sector data accruing from deliberate and intentional actions that pose risks to data. Such risks are usually due to human intervention/ mediation. For instance, one of the biggest deliberate threats to data is theft of such data either out of malice or for financial gain in which a staffer deliberately exposes or gives confidential public sector data to third parties with malicious intent, such as hackers or scammers. This can also happen when a disgruntled staff member, such as a fired/ demoted employee providers malicious entities with passwords for accessing confidential public sector data. This can happen where staff steals data from internal servers or from the cloud storage servers for which they have access. This is a very high level risk, since security policies can be overridden by such actions/ threats. These attacks carry huge risks because there is a high potential for sensitive data being exposed to the public, or personal details being stolen and sold for financial gain, with few options for detection of such actions (Rowe, Akman, Smith Tomison, 2013). Deliberate threats can also be external in which malicious entities use various tools to access and misuse/ exploit the VIC public sector data. Such exploits are undertaken through phishing, malware attacks; for instance, sending files/ links containing malware to staff e-mail accounts that then gives the hackers access to the public sector data. These are done using malware such as ransom-ware, worms, viruses, or Trojans that either gain access to the public sector data and steals and sends the information over the network, or denies the users access to this data. Such attacks can also result in theft and loss of access to crucial data where the attackers demand ransom, as happened in the UK when the National health Services (NHS) computer systems were attacked by a deadly ransom-ware (Fox News, 2017), or permanent deletion of information, such as the attack on Aramco, the Saudi Arabia petroleum company where all its data stored in computers and servers were permanently deleted in a matter of minutes (Perlroth, 2012). Such deliberate attacks can also lead to data loss, as happened in Australia and other countries where a malware propagated itself over networks, attacking office and home computers and encrypting files such that users could not access them (Griffith, 2017). Such deliberate risks are the most dangerous, with their risk level being very high and high risks. The reason why they are very high or high risk threats is because of the potential/ possible level of damage, as well as the difficulty in controlling/ preventing them. While cyber-attacks can be prevented/ mitigated through such security measures as implementing strong firewalls and using network analysis tools that are regularly patched and updated, along with networks isolation use of antimalware software, malware attacks have become even more sophisticated (Bakhtiyari Ismail,2012). Malware have become sophisticated and stealthy by confusing detection tools, such as through multiple stage loading, environmental awareness, obfus cation of internal data, and time based evasion techniques (Mazurczyk Caviglione, 2015). Such deliberate attacks, either internal or undertaken by external entities are very destructive; hence their classification as being either very high or high risk attacks (Choo, 2011). Accidental threats also pose huge risks to data security; while such actions are unintended, the consequences can also be massive. For instance, when a user accidentally deletes or overwrites, or edits but fails to save sensitive data such as that stored in the cloud; such data may not be recoverable, or have a steep price for recovery. Third party vendors, contractors, and even staff with privileged access to certain data have caused breaches to data by accident. The vast majority of data breaches such as network openings or malware invasion have been caused by innocent accidents, such as when a user accidentally overwrites data (Durbin, 2016). While such innocent accidents can lead to the loss of data, modern public (and private)organizations employ measures where data is backed up in real time; such mistakes and errors can also be rectified through instant data recover, for instance, for accidentally deleted data, or data reconstruction and editing (Rashmi et al., 2015). However, the problem becomes exacerbated when employee or vendor mistakes open doors for external entities such as hackers; this can happen by vendors not updating or patching their software and firmware, or when an employee opens a mail with malware embedded in them, or clicks links to malicious sites that then initiate attacks that, for instance, erase data and lead to theft of data. In such cases, there is a confluence of both accidental mistakes and external cyber threats that amplify the effect of the accidental threats. In retrospect, therefore, accidental threats are ranked as medium to high; given that some accidents can be rectified (medium threats) while some accidents can open doors to more serious risks and threats to public sector data, such as malware attacks or identity theft (Rasmi et al., 2015). Challenges the VIC government will face in deciding whether ICT security should be handled internally or outsource ICT security for public sector data is highly critical; being a government agency, the VIC government will most definitely be attacked, either through internal or external risks. The challenge is in whether security should be handled in-house or be outsourced to professionals. While outsourcing security has its benefits; there are also several challenges. Existing laws may prevent, or hinder access to personal information by third parties. Outsourcing essentially implies that aspects of data management, such as processing or storage/ backups are done by external third party organizations (Libicki, 2000). Under the Australian Privacy Act, an entity such as the VIC government is the holder the public sector data for its citizens; and so it is obliged to ensure this data and information remains private, even if such data management, such as storage is outsourced to third parties, but its the VIC government with express authority and right to deal with the information. For instance, stor ing public information in the cloud, a service offered by third parties may allow the vendors including human resource) software vendors to have access to the VIC public sector information data bases through shared storage of log-in ID. Further, the third party to which the security is outsourced may make mistakes or lead to data security breaches, through acts of omission or commission; the VIC government will still remain liable for such data breaches. Outsourcing security, a concept termed ISO (information security outsourcing) has the challenge of creating complexities, in environments that are less secure, while the organization is still supposed to be responsible for such data. ISO is a concept that has still not been adopted significantly, with research showing that 59% of firms outsource some aspects of their information security, such as penetration testing. However, just 13% of organizations have reported, according to the same research, to have adopted full ISO. When many vendors are involved, there are added complexities although some risks (pertaining to security) are reduced. Outsourcing requires an elaborate ICT security framework to evaluate risks pertaining to information integrity, confidentiality, and availability where many different vendors are to be evaluated. This approach also creates a new security model that must be evaluated. Looking at the other aspect of in-house security management; the risk profile and analysis show that internal threats are exacerbated by cultural issues, such as lax security measures. Generally, public organizations tend to be more lax on ICT security compared to private organizations. Further, a systematic cultural issue can be multiplied at different levels of the organization, further enhancing the threat of both internal and external ICT security threats. Because governments are not premier ICT service businesses, there is a tendency to have unsuitable internal security policies or gaps in implementing the outlined security policies. The best approach, therefore would be to adopt ISO but with a new security and risk profile assessment or use a hybrid model between outsourcing some security aspects, such as encryption and before-incident analysis of all threats before they reach the governments actual servers. The VIC government can also institute better security protocols such as restricted access and other measures including updating and patching anti malware and network devices firmware, while ensuring only authorized persons can access data. ISO becomes feasible when combined with cloud computing to improve security and business process continuity in case of a disaster where data is lost; the VIC government can continue offering services through the cloud restoration and backup platform. Further, the risk profile shows that vendor threats are medium to high, but internal threats are high or very high. Risk and Uncertainty Risk refers to the potential to either gain or lose value; since risk is a probability, it can be given a value to make it quantitative, for example, the probability of suffering a cyber-attack for Vic government is once every four months. The risk helps to create a risk profile that can then be used to hierarchically classify risks, and then deal with them based on the risk level (Lloyd, 2008). Uncertainty, on the other hand, is a qualitative and merely perceptive, it is the level of doubt over something, for instance, the margin of error for measuring a security risk. It does not have a straightforward description, although it is always present; for example, whether the VIC government should adopt ISO or depend on in-house ICT security measures; there is uncertainty on data security if it adopted ISO. Different approaches VIC government can use for risk control The VIC government can use a hybrid and integrated approach to ICT risk control in handling public data; the risk management profile should begin internally before some aspects can be outsourced. Internally, the government should implement the VPSF in Toto. The first line of defense is to undertake a comprehensive security and risk analysis and then, using the VPSF framework, develop a security policy that is updated regularly. The security policy should ensure that access to information is restricted and on a need-to-use basis. For sensitive information or those stored in the cloud, and for certain actions, such as modifying, deleting, or transferring data, and the user must be authenticated using a two-step log-in process involving mobile (Almutairi et al., 2012). For cloud applications, there must be strong APIs that are designed to automatically log out when there is no activity for a given period. VIC should also implement regulations for restricted area IT rooms to control acce ss using biometrics (Akhgar Arabnia, 2014). Users must have strong password authentication and administrators must constantly monitor logging activity, with actions such as downloading databases being restricted. The network devices such as wireless access points must have strong encrypted passwords and data should be sent in encrypted format. The VIC government should adopt a hybrid cloud and virtualization to back up its data in case of data loss, in multiple geographical locations with providers (Stair Reynolds, 2015). Further, the government must use basic security measures including physical and software firewalls, network analysis and monitors, antimalware, all which must be updated regularly; same for firmware patches (Brown, 2014). The VIC government an outsource security monitoring for the network where a company like RedTM uses a virtual version of its ICT system to monitor malware and give warnings. The system works in a way that if a malware targets VIC government, it first enters the virtual machines, where it ca n exploit thinking those are the actual physical datacenters and RED will identify such malicious activity and give warnings. References Akhgar, B., Arabnia, H. (2014). 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